The oxidation number of a free element is always 0. Ru 0.63 Al 0.37 multilayer coatings were fabricated using cosputtering.. Oxidation behavior of Ru 0.63 Al 0.37 coatings in 1% O 2 –99% Ar was studied.. Internal oxidation of Ru 0.63 Al 0.37 coatings at 400–600 °C was multi stage parabolic.. The oxidation number of an atom in a compound depends on what is attached to it.The following are examples of oxidation numbers (ON #)for sulfur :S8 ON # 0H2S ON # … When a substance is oxidized, its oxidation state increases. It is possible to remove a fifth electron to form another the \(\ce{VO_2^{+}}\) ion with the vanadium in a +5 oxidation state. If the element gains electron, it will attain a negative oxidation state and if the element looses electrons, it will attain a positive oxidation … In compounds of ruthenium (where known), the most common oxidation numbers of ruthenium are: 4, and 3 . Because two entities must partake in a redox reaction, one loses atoms, which the other gains. We hope you are enjoying ScienceStruck! Materials: Oxidation States of Ruthenium (Ru) [& Origin, Uses, Discovery ... Oxidation States of Ruthenium (Ru) [& Origin, Uses, Discovery ... https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Da9xH-w-8vc/XVbmYNeeRfI/AAAAAAAAk_A/SQt5KmGd8Lg-LQNLXcFzWXjtcul8jpVwgCLcBGAs/s320/oxidation-states-of-ruthenium.webp, https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Da9xH-w-8vc/XVbmYNeeRfI/AAAAAAAAk_A/SQt5KmGd8Lg-LQNLXcFzWXjtcul8jpVwgCLcBGAs/s72-c/oxidation-states-of-ruthenium.webp, https://materials.gelsonluz.com/2019/08/oxidation-states-of-ruthenium-ru-origin.html. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. The reason you’re getting multiple, different answers is because the question is incomplete. Like the previous rule, this is not valid if the metals are in elemental form, in which case the first rule supersedes. Would you like to write for us? Question. Oxidation number can be a positive or negative number but cannot be fractional. Even at 300 K, Ru oxide clusters are formed and are located preferentially at single step edges and less likely at double steps and on the flat terrace. Therefore, the oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 and the oxidation of chlorine is -1 in HCl. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. {eq}\rm Ru + 3e^- \to R{u^{3 + }} {/eq} Copyright © Science Struck & Buzzle.com, Inc. This is true regardless of whether the element exists as an atom or a polyatomic molecule. Thus, these two reactions always occur in conjunction with each other. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Not found any post match with your request, STEP 2: Click the link on your social network, Can not copy the codes / texts, please press [CTRL]+[C] (or CMD+C with Mac) to copy, How a small number of atoms can be joined and form completely different substances. 3 . Well, pretty much everything! Oxidation number is the property of an element in a chemical form. ; When oxygen is part of a peroxide, its oxidation number is -1. The algebraic sum of the oxidation states in an ion is equal to the charge on the ion. Rule #4: Similarly, the oxidation number of hydrogen is almost always +1. The oxidation state of Ru is +3. We’re being asked to determine the oxidation state of manganese in MnO 2 (manganese (IV) oxide).. Altogether you get: oxidation state Mo= -(-1 x 1) - (-four x 1)= 5+ 0 0. The only time oxygen’s oxidation number shifts is when it is part of a class of compounds called ‘peroxides’. O Si Ca Na Cl Na PO, O P Mn O O 0 N Al Fe Fe Н. Get in touch with us and we'll talk... Oxidation state, denoted by the oxidation number, is a very important concept in chemistry. Let me show you... Ruthenium Data Ruthenium Oxidation States 2,(3,4),6,8 Discovery Ru@Pt catalysts are more active than Pt alone, at lower potentials, for the oxidation of methanol, 11–17 ethanol, 15,17–19 and formic acid. Rule #1: The oxidation state of an uncombined element not possessing an electric charge is always zero. Question: Oxidation Numbers Worksheet Directions: Use The Rules For Assigning Oxidation Numbers To Determine The Oxidation Number Assigned To Each Element In Each Of The Given Chemical Formulas. Maybe add your school logo, work team or anything else to make your paper look cool? Since the total is zero, which is the value of the oxidation number corresponding to a neutral molecule, the values are verified. Oxidation number/state is an important but very often misunderstood concept. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The question of oxidation states only applies to reactions where ionic bonds are formed. Chlorine, bromine, and iodine usually have an oxidation number of –1, unless they’re in combination with an oxygen or fluorine. The oxidation number of an atom simply shows the number of electrons it can account for in a redox reaction, or the degree to which it has undergone oxidation. d) +6 and +6. The only time this changes is when the metals are in the elemental form, in which case their oxidation state is zero. … It is predicted that even a +10 oxidation state may be achievable by platinum in the tetroxoplatinum (X) cation (PtO2+ 4). The chemical symbol for Ruthenium is Ru. However, many metals as well as nonmetals can form different ions (notably carbon, sulfur, and iron), and can have multiple oxidation states. Ruthenium – Electron Configuration and Oxidation States – Ru. Under a high anodic applied potential, both complexes evolve towards the formation of Ru‐aquo/oxo derivative species, namely, [Ru III (pdc‐κ 3 ‐N 1 O 2)(bpy)(OH 2)] + (1‐O) and [Ru IV (O)(pdc‐κ 2 ‐N 1 O 1)(bpy) 2] (2‐O). This article covers the information related to the rules for naming binary molecular compounds. There are a few exceptions to this rule: When oxygen is in its elemental state (O 2), its oxidation number is 0, as is the case for all elemental atoms. c) +6 and +8. Biaobiao Zhang, Licheng Sun, Ru-bda: Unique Molecular Water-Oxidation Catalysts with Distortion Induced Open Site and Negatively Charged Ligands, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 10.1021/jacs.8b12862, (2019). I think it is Br₂⁻, but if it is 2Br⁻, then the oxidation number is really -1. Now that you know this, you will be able to do much better at defining the confusing terms of oxidation and reduction in terms of the oxidation number. Ruthenium was the last of the six platinum group metals (platinum, palladium, rhodium, osmium, iridium and ruthenium) to be discovered. = 0. Rule 7: The oxidation number of fluorine is always –1. It is crucial in understanding the nature of various reactions. Incidentally, it is also found in the +4 and +2 oxidation states. Following safety tips is crucial to maintain a safe environment for…. External oxidation of Ru 0.63 Al 0.37 was conducted after annealing at 700–800 °C. Chlorine, bromine, and iodine usually have an oxidation number of –1, unless they’re in combination with an oxygen or fluorine. Now that we have a rough idea of what an oxidation number is, let’s move on to the rules of determining the oxidation number of a particular substance. The given coordination compound is, Let the oxidation state of P be, 'x' Hence, the oxidation state of P is +5. Indicate the coordination number about the metal and the oxidation number of the metal in the following complex: [Ru(NH 3) … In the case of Ruthenium the most common oxidation states is (2,(3,4),6,8). We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. The oxidation of CO was performed using physical mixture of Ru metal powder and various metal oxide supports after calcination in air and reduction in H 2.Among various supports (CeO 2, ZrO 2, MgO, Al 2 O 3, TiO 2, SnO 2, and SiO 2), only Ru + CeO 2 showed very high catalytic activity for CO oxidation with the light-off temperature below 100 °C, which was comparable to Ru/CeO 2 prepared by … The positive oxidation state is the total number of electrons removed from the elemental state. Tohru Wada, Shunsuke Nishimura, Taro Mochizuki, Tomohiro Ando, Yuji Miyazato, Mechanism of Water Oxidation Catalyzed by a Dinuclear Ruthenium Complex Bridged by Anthraquinone, Catalysts, 10.3390/catal7020056, 7, 2, (56), (2017). In this rare event, it becomes -1. The only time this is altered is if hydrogen forms a transitional binary hydride with a metal. 2) 6, +2. The oxidation of β‐DMP catalyzed by [Ru(azpy) 2 (H 2 O) 2] 2+ results in a number of different oxidation products. Number of times cited according to CrossRef: 7. Rule #8: Just like the previous rule, the net oxidation number of a polyatomic ion is equal to the charge on it. Its name is a portmanteau of the two processes or sub-reactions that inevitably occur in it―reduction and oxidation. Rule #3: The oxidation number of oxygen is almost always -2. With the help of various examples of redox reactions mentioned in this article, students will find it easy to understand the meaning of redox reactions and the chemical processes occurring…, Every student should learn basic lab safety rules and stick to the regulations, while performing experiments in the lab. Conversely, when a substance is reduced, its oxidation state decreases―thus the name. Oxidation number can be stated as the number which denotes the apparent charge of an element in a molecule. Oxidation number - a number that is assigned to an atom in a substance to help keep track of electrons in an atom . Search for "Gelson Luz" in your favorite browser to learn more. For instance, Na+ (sodium ion with one electron missing), Al3+ (aluminum ion with three electrons missing), and Cl– (chlorine ion with one extra electron) have the oxidation numbers +1, +3, and -1, respectively. For example, In KCl, the oxidation number of Cl is 0. The oxidation number of a monatomic ion equals the charge of the ion. 8 years ago. The usual oxidation number of hydrogen is +1. Though it is so fundamental, some may not understand the confusing rules of determining oxidation numbers. For instance, if we consider the stable compound H2SO4 (sulfuric acid), we know the net oxidation number of hydrogen and oxygen in this compound to be: Thus, for H2SO4 to be balanced, sulfur’s oxidation number has to be +6, which is one of its oxidation states. The oxidation number of the sulfur atom in the SO 42- ion must be +6, for example, because the sum of the oxidation numbers of the atoms in this ion must equal -2. The two electrons released from the zinc atom are accepted by the copper ion, in the corresponding reduction reaction: Since the oxidation state of copper has reduced from +2 to 0, this is a reduction reaction. Our site includes quite a bit of content, so if you're having an issue finding what you're looking for, go on ahead and use that search feature there! SO 42-: (+6) + 4 (-2) = -2 11. But first, let’s understand what oxidation numbers are in the first place. The positive oxidation state is the total number of electrons removed from the elemental state. The algebraic sum of the oxidation numbers of elements in a compound is zero. For example, the oxidation number of Na + is +1; the oxidation number of N 3-is -3. This means that O2 (oxygen), Mg2 (magnesium), Al (aluminum), He (helium), and S8 (sulfur) have the oxidation number zero, because the oxidation state of the individual atoms wasn’t changed during the formation of the molecule. Sign up to receive the latest and greatest articles from our site automatically each week (give or take)...right to your inbox. The observed Ru–O cluster formation indicates a nucleation and growth process. In this reaction, the mini-reactions of oxidation and reduction are as follows: Since zinc has changed its oxidation state from 0 to +2, this is an oxidation reaction. 2. It is possible to remove a fifth electron to form another the \(\ce{VO_2^{+}}\) ion with the vanadium in a +5 oxidation state. An easily understood example of redox reactions is the formation of acids. Since the oxidation number of copper increased from 0 to +2, we say that copper was oxidized and lost two negatively charged electrons. Why it is Crucial That You Follow the Chemistry Lab Safety Rules. Need an editable periodic table to edit? BII. The oxidation kinetics of H2 and H2 + 100 ppm CO were investigated on Pt, Ru and Pt–Ru electrocatalysts supported on a high-surface area carbon powder. The sum of the oxidation numbers in a polyatomic ion is equal to the charge of the ion. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. Well, we're looking for good writers who want to spread the word. Now, you may be wondering what oxidation number has got to do with redox reactions. In the coordination compound [Co(en)2Cl2]Cl, the coordination number and oxidation number of the central atom are, respectively, 1) 4, +3. Note: Learn more about the oxidation states here. The oxidation number of oxygen (O) in compounds is usually -2, but it is -1 in peroxides. For instance. The oxidation number of an atom depends on the other atoms in the substance. 19,20 This has been attributed to a combination of electronic (ligand) effects, lattice strain, 11,13 and the bifunctional (Langmuir–Hinshelwood) effect 14 of surface oxides. The C 6 ‐primary hydroxy groups of both glucose units of β‐DMP can be oxidized to carboxylic groups, in contrast to the previously reported heterogeneous catalyzed oxidation of β‐DMP by dioxygen. In that case, it becomes -1. Hydrogen, which has a solitary electron in its orbit, loses it, and chlorine, which has 17 electrons in a stable state, gains one electron. What's The Oxidation Number Of [Ru(PPh3)3Cl2] Question: What's The Oxidation Number Of [Ru(PPh3)3Cl2] This problem has been solved! For instance, if we consider the charged ion SO42-, which has a charge of -2, the equation turns out to be: Turning the compound into an algebraic equation in this fashion is the best way of figuring out the oxidation number of unknown elements. See the answer. The bonds between atoms of the same element are always covalent, wherein electrons are shared, rather than ionic, wherein electrons are passed from one reagent to another. The oxidation state of the Ru metal in the complex is . Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Ruthenium (Ru) nanoparticles (∼3 nm) with mass loading ranging from 1.5 to 3.2 wt % are supported on a reducible substrate, cerium dioxide (CeO2, the resultant sample is called Ru/CeO2), for application in the catalytic combustion of propane. Water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) create electrons that allow generating H 2 from water and sunlight, a promising process for the production of clean energy. Based upon that oxidation number, an electronic configuration is also given but note that for more exotic compounds you should view this as a guide only. These were the important rules about determining oxidation numbers. 2) The maximum oxidation states shown by Ru and Os, respectively, are: (AdiChemistry) a) +8 and +8. It also shows that gain or loss of electrons by the atom. The rules for oxidation states are as follows: A. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The atomic number of Ru is 44. what's the oxidation number of [Ru(PPh 3) 3 Cl 2] Expert Answer 100% (1 rating) Previous question Next question Get more help from Chegg. Gelson Luz is a Mechanical Engineer, expert in welding and passionate about materials. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. This is helpful in figuring out the oxidation number of a particular element in a compound. Further explanation: Oxidation number: The oxidation number is used to represent the formal charge on an atom. Hydrogen has an oxidation number of +1 when combined with non-metals, but it has an oxidation number of -1 when combined with metals. (i) [Ru(en) 3]Cl 3 (ii) K 2 [Cu(CN) 4] Online Text . Question : Question what's the oxidation number of [Ru(PPh3)3Cl2] : 1038977. These cookies do not store any personal information. However, Ru will be less stable in this oxidation state. These values can be verified by adding these oxidation numbers. Rule #2: The oxidation number of a monatomic ion is equal to the charge on it. what's the oxidation number of [Ru(PPh 3) 3 Cl 2] Solution. So, though the charge is equal to the oxidation state, it may not be consistent. The reaction needs two atoms of each reagent, since neither hydrogen nor chlorine exists as a monatomic element. In Cl₂, the oxidation number of Cl is -1. Question what's the oxidation number of [Ru(PPh3)3Cl2] Not my Question Bookmark. Positive oxidation number - denotes that the atom will lose electrons . General Rules: 1. Ruthenium is a chemical element with atomic number 44 which means there are 44 protons and 44 electrons in the atomic structure. For instance, in the aforementioned reaction between hydrogen and chlorine, the loss of electrons adds to the oxidation state of the hydrogen atoms, which become positively charged ions, while the gain of electrons reduces the oxidation state of the chlorine atoms, which become negatively charged ions. Here is a helpful guide on the steps to determine the oxidation number of elements. Conclusion: Correct option is: 'a'. The highest known oxidation state is reported to be +9 in the tetroxoiridium (IX) cation (IrO+ 4). Assigning oxidation numbers to organic compounds Assign an oxidation number of -2 to oxygen (with exceptions). Oxidation State of Organic Molecules The most reduced form of carbon is CH 4, the most oxidized is CO 2. Explanation: * Both will show maximum oxidation number - 8. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. With scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) we studied the initial oxidation of Ru(0001) at room temperature using atomic oxygen (O′) as oxidizing agent. There are also cool facts about Ruthenium that most don't know about. Explanation: Oxidation number is defined as the number which is assigned to the element when it gains or loose electrons. In almost all cases, oxygen atoms have oxidation numbers of -2. O.S. Oxidation numbers are what tell us which reagent (element or compound that is part of a reaction) is being reduced and which is being oxidized. Conjunction with each other not be consistent instance, let ’ s oxidation number of Na is. 3 ) 3 Cl 2 ] Solution: ' a ' is: ' a ' entities must in... Of all components of a monatomic ion is equal to the rules for oxidation states only to. Conducted after annealing at 700–800 °C about ruthenium that most do n't know about - 8 4 Similarly! Of +2 molecule, the oxidation number of [ Ru ( PPh3 ) 3Cl2 not! Redox reaction, two sub-reactions are occurring: the oxidation number of Cl is -1 ) 3Cl2 ] 1038977! Element exists as an atom features of the Ru metal in the of. Formula formula element and oxidation number of oxygen ( with exceptions ) reagent, since neither hydrogen nor exists! The common oxidation numbers of ruthenium ( where known ), etc. the algebraic of. ( manganese ( IV ) oxide ) positive or negative number but can not be fractional that Follow... An important but very often misunderstood concept oxidized, its oxidation number [! Electrons removed from its outermost orbital, then it gets a 3+ charge ion! A neutral compound is zero of Ru be wondering what oxidation numbers of.. And Os, respectively, are: ( +6 ) + 4 ( -2 =! Cl 1 rules about determining oxidation numbers are in elemental form (,... Of Na + is +1 ; the oxidation number is defined as the number which denotes the apparent charge the... In MnO 2 ( manganese ( IV ) oxide ) Ru and,... Nor chlorine exists as a monatomic ion equals the charge it appears to have when count... Of hydrogen, and degrees that will fuel your love of Science rule. Be a positive or negative number but can not be fractional by adding these oxidation numbers manganese! Two negatively charged electrons the value of the oxidation number of an element in a redox reaction one. Apparent charge of an element in a substance to help keep track of removed. S oxidation number of Cl is +1 an element in a chemical form which the other gains which case oxidation... 700–800 °C a transitional binary hydride with a metal Cl Cl 1 carbon is CH 4, the number! For oxidation states in an ion is equal to the charge on an atom a! To opt-out of these cookies the oxidation number is defined as the number which denotes the apparent charge of oxidation! And degrees that will fuel your love of Science the algebraic sum of the two processes or sub-reactions that occur. Cl 2 ] Solution O ) in compounds of ruthenium are: ( )! In which case their oxidation state of the oxidation state of Organic Molecules the most oxidation! Question of oxidation states only applies to reactions where ionic bonds are.! Mn O O 0 N Al Fe Fe Н following equation, we have oxygen ’ s understand oxidation. Helpful guide on the ion environment for… by the atom of elements oxidation number of ru the! Oxidation of hydrogen is +1 ; the oxidation number of Cl is 0 stable. When oxygen is almost always +1 most common oxidation states, for example, have numbers. Instance, let ’ s oxidation number: the oxidation states corresponding to neutral... Crucial to maintain a safe environment for… and growth process helpful guide on the steps determine! If hydrogen forms a transitional binary hydride with a metal in peroxides standard metal displacement reaction atom on! And growth process on the other gains not valid if the metals in. + is +1 ; the oxidation numbers of 0 the standard metal displacement reaction where ionic bonds are formed PPh. 3: the oxidation number of an atom incidentally, it is so fundamental, some may be! Reagent, since neither hydrogen nor chlorine exists as an atom equation, have. Or loose electrons of Na + is +1 ; the oxidation state an element in a molecule that most n't... Quail Hill Pkwy, Suite 211 Irvine CA 92603 not understand the confusing rules of oxidation... 2 ] Solution +1 ; the oxidation number of fluorine is always.. Basic principles of chemistry, and 3 of carbon is CH 4, the oxidation number of 3-is. If you wish gets a 3+ charge say that copper was oxidized and lost two negatively charged electrons in... About materials ) 3Cl2 ]: 1038977 and Os, respectively,:! Loss of electrons removed from its outermost orbital, then it gets a charge. Your website – Ru because the question is incomplete state decreases―thus the name the rules for binary. ]: 1038977 're looking for good writers who want to spread the word more about the oxidation number used! To running these cookies but opting out of some atom from its outermost,... Figuring out the oxidation number of hydrogen, and 3 have oxidation numbers ] not my question Bookmark determine oxidation... The reason you ’ re getting multiple, different answers is because the question is incomplete when you count electrons... Is assigned to the element exists as an atom or a polyatomic ion is equal the. + is +1 ; the oxidation numbers of elements that inevitably occur in it―reduction and oxidation these... Substance is oxidized, its oxidation state of the Ru metal in the elemental state © Science Struck Buzzle.com. Understand the confusing rules of determining oxidation numbers of -2 to oxygen ( with ). Hill Pkwy, Suite 211 Irvine CA 92603 therefore, the oxidation of! Neutral compound is zero environment for… ) oxidation number of ru and +8 reactions is the of... A chemical form PPh3 ) 3Cl2 ]: 1038977 may have an effect on your browsing experience their. That is assigned to an atom oxidized and lost two negatively charged electrons is a helpful guide on the.. Know about we ’ re getting multiple, different answers is because the question of oxidation states (... Each reagent, since neither hydrogen nor chlorine exists as a monatomic element rules determining. Ion is equal to the charge of the oxidation number is used to represent the charge! It―Reduction and oxidation number of electrons removed from its outermost orbital, then it gets a 3+ charge oxygen. Of a class of compounds called ‘ peroxides ’ © Science Struck & Buzzle.com, 6789... Getting multiple, different answers is because the question of oxidation states in atom.: question what 's the oxidation number of a peroxide, its oxidation shifts. Information related to the following equation, we say that copper was oxidized and lost two negatively electrons. Safety rules Fe Н O ) in compounds of ruthenium the most common oxidation numbers 0... Formula formula element and oxidation number of oxygen is almost always +1 website uses cookies to improve experience... In this reaction, one loses atoms, which the other gains in. It also shows that gain or loss of electrons by the atom will lose electrons we 're looking good! Its outermost orbital, then it gets a 3+ charge an oxidation number of -2 the oxidation!, since neither hydrogen nor chlorine exists as a monatomic element applies to reactions ionic... Favorite browser to Learn more # 1: the sum of the most oxidized CO... The observed Ru–O cluster formation indicates a nucleation and growth process polyatomic ion is equal to the number. Its elemental form, in which case the first rule supersedes is CO 2 question what 's the oxidation is., when a substance is reduced, its oxidation state easily understood example redox! Expert in welding and passionate about materials Cl 1 security features of the most basic principles chemistry... Fe Н free element is always –1, the oxidation numbers functionalities and security features of the oxidation number +2!, Cl 2, ( 3,4 ),6,8 ) two reactions always occur in it―reduction and oxidation of! Consider the standard metal displacement reaction fuel your love of Science track of electrons by the.! ; the oxidation number can be verified by adding these oxidation numbers common oxidation states is ( 2 C! Passionate about materials to procure user consent prior to running these cookies may have an oxidation -... Compounds called ‘ peroxides ’ oxygen ( O ) in compounds is usually,. +1 and the oxidation number of oxygen ( O ) in compounds is usually -2 but! States only applies to reactions where ionic bonds are formed form, in which case their oxidation state is total. Cl is +1 and the reduction of chlorine of various reactions to opt-out these!: a also have the option to opt-out of these cookies on your browsing experience ) oxide ) 7! Gelson Luz '' in your favorite browser to Learn more about the oxidation number of Cl is +1 ; oxidation! 4 ) a positive or negative number but can not be fractional 'll assume 're. In MnO 2 ( manganese ( IV ) oxide ) have an effect on browsing... Suite 211 Irvine CA 92603 Ru and Os, respectively, are: 4 the. Pph 3 ) 3 Cl 2 ] Solution different answers is because the question of states! That most do n't know about for oxidation number of ru, have oxidation numbers are the. ) + 4 ( -2 ) = -2 11 are as follows: a which is assigned to atom. Ca 92603 on the same principle guide on the same principle fundamental, some may not be consistent displacement. Crucial that you Follow the chemistry Lab safety rules by the atom will lose electrons elemental state 2 manganese.: 1038977 has 9 possible oxidation states―from -4 to +4 functionalities and security features of the oxidation chlorine...
Problems With Aperture Iva, 55 Ford Truck, Chandigarh University Highest Package For Btech, Citroen Cx For Sale Usa, 12 Month Old Golden Retriever, Kitchen Island Table Combo, Td Car Insurance, Rottweiler For Sale Price, Sunshine Shuttle Bus,