It can be shown that in equilibrium, difterent firms will, pay different wages (Weiss 1990), but it has not yet been determined. All four points are of more concern to the interpretation of the, test of free choice. Expectations-confirmation theory posits that expectations, coupled with perceived performance, ... Market segmentation comes about as a result of the study that all potential users of a product are not alike. Even this very general model fails to, It is possible to reject the model at the 10% level, but Only. 0000006503 00000 n schemes used by Beck, Horan and Tolbert,, better in Zucker and Rosenstein's comparison, perform slightly better, than the other two systems here. The findings are interpreted as evidence of the importance of structural factors for earnings determination. can not observe worker quality perfectly both before and after hiring, but that better workers have better paying alternatives elsewhere. Further, most did, not think that the good jobs went to the more able. Market segmentation theory is a theory that long and short-term interest rates are not related to each other. Further, from a dynamic view the theory has done quite well. 'Sociological and. Before turning to a review of this literature, we discuss, Labor Market Segmentation and Economic Theory, As noted above, the notion that technology may create sectors, of the labor market with distinctly difterent characteristics is not, particularly controversial. Differentials,' Universita' Cattolica di Milano mimeo, May. We argue that. The likely success (or otherwise) of the firm’s segmentation strategy is assessed through a segmentation audit discussed next. Although highly progressive for much of the 60s and 70s the human, capital program has become quite regressive in recent years. Of, the seventeen characteristics examined, Beck, Horan and Tolbert's, classification system produced the anticipated differences in means for, twelve, Tolbert, Horan and Beck's for nine, Bibb and Form's for seven, and Hodsons for six. Layoffs, and Waae, Weitzman, Martin, 'A Theory of Wage Dispersion and Job Market. StigIitz's (1984) presentation of this model has been highly influential. At the end of the study, it is found that there is a relationship between individual’s socio-demographical characteristics, the scale of the business, the main field of activity of the business, job and the quality of employment. In this case, individuals, would choose the sector of employment that maximized the expected, The second tenet of dual market theory, that primary sector, jobs are rationed, is less compatible with human capital theory. Points 1 and 2 have no bearing on our first concern — whether, the dual market model provides a better description of the wage, distribution than the standard single market model. Bases of Market Segmentation: Demographic, Geographic, Geodemographic, Psychographic and Behavioural Segmentation As product markets tend to mature, customer needs often become more specialized. 0000004384 00000 n Previous contributions posited that the observed distribution of earnings combined two or three distinct signals and was thus appropriately modeled as a finite mixture of distributions. Dickens, William T., and Lang, Kevin. What does this mean? Koopmans, Tjalling, Three Essays on the State of Economic Science, Kreuger, Alan, and Summers, Lawrence. approach. list which supports many interpretations. This is Cain's (1976) main criticism of this work. As the number of, other variables increased, the number of observations on each diagram. industry differences would disappear over time. 3. Labor market segmentation. Dickens and Lang (1985a) is the first paper to present this. in the extreme, duai market theory has been interpreted by some as, impiying that a wide range of job characteristics are au highiy correiated, so that jobs can be arrayed aiong one dimension and described. regard the goodness of fit test described above is quite encouraging. Finally, we have, reached the present modified human capital model. U.S.S.R. in Crisis, W.W. Norton, New York, 1983. The skill (or, skills) must be valuable to both truck drivers and managers in the high, wage industry, but not to those in low wage industries. 'The Technological Foundations of Dualism,', in Dualism and Discontinuity in Industrial Societies, ed. theory (Piore, 1979), the segmentation of the labour market is on the drivers of the demand for foreign labour force that consequently determines the allocation mechanism of immigrants on specific segments of the national labour market. Within. Stiglitz, Joseph E., 'The Efficiency Wage Hypothesis, Surplus Labor, and the Distribution of Income in LD.C.s, Oxford Economic Papers, 28, Tolbert, Charles M., I-loran, Patrick M., and Beck, E.M. 1980. We chose these, studies because Zucker and Rosenstein (1981) have reanalyzed the, industrial schemes, permitting a direct comparison of their results and, because the analysis in Osterman is comparable to that used by Zucker, Zucker and Rosenstein compare the classification schemes first, by examining the average characteristics of workers in each sector. Thus, in addition to requiring two, equations to have significantly more explanatory power than one, we, lines to have characteristics consistent with, the dual market hypothesis. Examples of such. 'Do Wage Differences Among Employers, Harrod, Roy F., 'The Scope and Method of Economics,' Ennnmk. We argue that further exploration of the implications of the theory for unemployment, trade. Even an, average unmarried non-white who lived outside a SMSA -for whom the, primary/secondary difference is minimized --would earn more in the, primary sector for his entire career if he had more than a high school, education. much sooner. R is plausible that much of what is not observed by the, econometrician is also not observed by the employer so that the, Murphyfropel assumption is not self-evident. The. view that a bad theory is one that has been proved wrong. to .37 (sales workers). One plausible answer is that, we should ask which theory is compatible with a wider range of 'known, facts' about the world. What Is Labor Market Segmentation Theory? Could these inter-industry and inter-employer diierentials arise, in markets which clear? Beaudry, Paul, 'Entry Wages Signalling Future Wages: A Foundation to. The geographical segmentation is based on the premise that people living in one area have different purchasing or buying habits than those living in other areas of the country. I-teckman and Hotz (1986), while presenting findings consistent, with the dual market view for Panamanian males, have criticized our, work as being uninformative. 5 Expansion of segmentation to other stakeholders. Several other, specffications were tried. These attributes would be related to the use of the service. Early empirical work showed patterns of mobilii, between the sectors consistent with descriptive work. ), Services to Bldgs and Personnel Supply 24.21, Entertainment and Recreational Services 18.75, Post-Secondary Teachers and Librarians 9.73, Wriiers, Artists, Entertainers and Athletes 7.54. and the Union Wage Premium, The Review of Economics and Statistics. 'The Effects of Industrial, Occupational and Sex Stratification on Wages in Blue-Collar Markets,', Bliss, Christopher J. and Stem, Nicholas H., 'Productivity, Wages and. 'A Goodness of Fii Test of. wage norms prevail in such distinct countries as the Soviet Union, Germany, Chile, Korea, Japan and the U.S.? In the early 70s factor analytical tests of the descriptive power of the, segmentation perspective were remarkably successful. describe numerous examples of such behavior in the United States. Everything else equal we, would probably prefer the train which was closer. If, wage differences represent worker rents, we would expect differences, in quit rates and application rates across industries with different, wages." Raising wages reduces the expected length of a vacancy, (Weitzman 1989, Lang 1991, Montgomery 1991). Therefore managers hire over-qualified workers and pay them. It has proved, itself to be a fruitful path for research. 'Industry Wage, Differences and Theories of Wage Determination,' NBER Wcx1ci P, Dickens, William T. and Lang, Kevin. discuss, we care not only about levels but also about derivatives. in explaining variance in earnings for a national sample of manual workers. on segmentation theory,practice and research. When this failed to explain the, evidence they then tried to explain the differentials by the existence of, unobserved abilities which were equally useful in all industries. Eleven of the parameters were. 123 0 obj <> endobj She finds that the correlation, of the inter-industry wage structure across time is even stronger when, being correlated across time, inter-industry wage difterences are also, correlated across space. However, due to the inevitable differences in productivity observed between agriculture and the nonagricultural sectors, at a technologically, economically, ecologically and socially justified level of employment in agriculture, transfers of the surplus generated in the secondary and tertiary sectors need at least to reduce, if not eliminate, economic consequences of these differences. diierent policy implications, it is important to sort them out. could be summarized by a single observable trait--for example, education--and an unobserved trait which was uncorrelated with, education. First, we consider the income support role of unemployment benefits showing how coverage of unemployed searchers by different benefits and UI replacement rates have changed over 1992–94. sorting on the basis of observable human capital characteristics. 'Returns to Seniority After Permanent Job LOSS,'. We propose specific tests of this type below. PHILOSOPHY AND THEORY OF MARKET SEGMENTATION AND ITS PRACTICAL APPLICATION IN NIGERIAN PRIMARY EDUCATION SERVICES INDUSTRY IN KANO STATE Kabir Musa Shuaib ABSTRACT: Market segmentation is customer-oriented philosophy. However, first we need to answer some basic questions about, unemployment. 'Techniques for, Estimating Switching Regressions,' in their Studies in Non-Linear. ication in a Dual Economy: A Sectoral Model of Earnings. The merits or demerits of particular policies is then seen as a trade-off between efficiency and equality. information from a competitive labor market perspective. The analysis was made based on the dual labour market theory, whereas Testing Dual Labor Market, Theory: A Reconsideration of the Evidence,' NBER, Dickens, William 1., and Lang, Kevin. Piore1 Michael J. Further, since some job titles such as operative are broad and many, 'secondary' occupations are treated like lower-tier primary jobs in some, firms, occupational classification systems are suspect. several explanations for why wages might directly affect productivii. 'The, Changing Structure of the Female Labor Market, 1976-I 984,' IRAA 418, Gibbons, Robert, and Katz, Lawrence F. 1989. Nevertheless, we will, accept it for the purpose of discussion. unskilled workers were highly correlated across industries. 56-60) isa direct consequence of labor market discrimination that comes under definition as the specific treatment reserved to members of a particular group, only because they are part of that particular group. Unemployment: A Second View,' Economic Inquiry, April, 28: 296806. The marketing theory demonstrate that to develop a successful marketing strategy correctly, service marketers must develop segmentation strategies based on the attributes and behaviour patterns of target customers. Similarly, there is no result which cannot be explained by some modification of, the theory which its proponents will claim is minor. many of the predictions of the theory have been tested and confiied. 0000005843 00000 n and their discount rates do not vary with observable characteristics CX)), we may test the hypothesis that people choose their sector of, employment to maximize their utility. Thus while the dual market, distinction may not be the only relevant distinction, it is clearly an, important one. 'Labor Market Segmentation. 1980a. For example, clerical, workers and transportation equipment operatives have a correlation, Given the similarity of industry wage patterns in so many, dimensions, it becomes interesting to examine the correlates of industry, wage differentials. Dickens, William T., Katz, Lawrence, Lang, Kevin, and Summers, Lawrence. Our review concludes with new illustrative findings from the US based on restricted-access Census data. their eftects. of industrial sectors, occupational stratification, and the sexual stratification of society. One notable attribute of these tables suggests why past studies, have often produced anomalous and inconsistent results. This is the approach taken by I-Leckman. This fii best. Berkeley. More significantly, many of the predictions of the theory have been tested and confirmed. With one less degree of freedom, the dual market model fits the, empirical distribution sufficiently well that one can not reject it at the 5%, because the dual market model is unable to predict the bunching of, wages at values of $7.50 and $10.00 an hour. TjaIIing Koopmans is almost apologetic in the, introduction to his famous essay on methodology (1957) as were two, of his eminent predecessors in the field (Roy Harrod, 1938; Dennis, Robertson, 1940). In developing countries where the wage is close to the subsistence, level, raising wages may improve workers' nutrition and make them, more productive (Stiglitz 1976, Bliss and Stern 1978). 'Heterogeneity, Aggregation and Market Wage Functions: An Empirical Model of Self. Abstract. Suppose that, high wage industries are industries which disproportionately employ, If this ability is useful in any industry, then when. Lakatos (1978, pp. They argue that the standard OLS wage, equation is too simple to be taken too seriously. further exploration of the implications of the theory for unemployment, trade. We still face a wide range of theories which can explain, inter-employer wage differences and queuing. suggests that it is difficult to determine a ørion who is in which sector. Carmichael1 H. Lorne, 'Efficiency Wage Models of Unemployment: An, Camoy, M. and Rumberger, R. 1980. First, wages are. Until recently, human capital theory ignored the, possibility of inter-industry wage differentials or dismissed them as, being due to transitory skill premiums or compensating difterences, received 'by some workers in the industry. 1987. Utility was assumed to be increasing with the net present, value (NP'!) We limited ourselves to. Illusory,' American Economic Review, 69 (September 1979): 558-64. Any opinions expressed are those of the authors and not those of the National, We argue that Labor Market Segmentation theory is a good alternative, to standard views of the labor market. 1976. In short, as in many topics economists. 2. equation fii perfectly with the predictions of the dual market typology. The overall gender wage gap is larger than either the full-time pay gap or the part-time pay gap, even after controlling for detailed personal and job characteristics. Our inferences about the source of differentials, might differ if they were associated with average worker quality and. There are clear di↵erences in this conception from the one o↵ered by Weitzman (1989)'s model, 2 though it is unclear to us whether these di↵erences might not be reconcilable. Critics of labor market segmentation theory used the fact that during, the economic expansion of the 1960s blacks were more likely to move, into high wage jobs than whites as evidence against reduced mobility, Smith (1989) revives this argument by showing that, earnings rise more rapidly with experience among blacks than among, whites. Leigh, Duane E. 1976. Assuming further that workers are, perfectly informed about job characteristics and that preferences about. We can imagine fifing first one, and then, two lines by hand to Figure 2. It also tracks. Further, the difterences are in accord with the, descriptive literature on labor market segmentation. 1990. Murphy and Topet (1990) argue that, if there is sorting on observed ability there should be at least as much, sorting on unobserved ability since so much is unobserved to the, econometrician. Beck, Horan and Tolbert's (1978) system was the only one, which produced significantly diierent results in the two sectors. Beck, E.M., Horan, Patrick M., and Tolbert, Charles M. 1978. Thus, the true, test of a theory or research program is dynamic. Eco. Dickens, Katz, Lang and, Summers (1989) and Lang and Kahn (1990) suggest several, considerations which complicate the bonding solution and suggest why, The adverse-selection efficiency wage model assumes that firms. Several studies have found a negative association between, quit rates and wage premiums. A similar, person living in an SMSA would always be paid more in the primary, Some people might prefer the nonwage characteristics of the, secondary market. In particular, the error, term is known to be heteroskedastic. Market Theory,' American Economic Review, Sept., 75:792-805. The typical fast-food franchise also fits, the description with an owner/manager overseeing the work of a many, Some industries are dominated by core firms. Some of these models do not fare much better, than the market-clearing ones. h�b```�^V����cc`a�������ߺKn��#���L�\�dB��8%�. Market segmentation provides useful information about prospective customers to guide these decisions and to ensure that marketing activities are more buyer focused. Correlations among classification schemes thatdivide, industries into core and periphery sectors are relatively weak, ranging, from 57% to 85% agreement for the four taxonomies they studied. relied on aggregate data allowing few controls for worker quality. unemployment and its likely response to active labor market policies. economists wishing to understand how the labor market works. 'Male Occupational Standing and the Dual. trailer In contrast to our, previous work, we can reject the hypothesis of no black-white wage, the primary sector. While the good job that necessitates high productivity offers high-wage and fine working conditions; the bad job that requires lower productivity offers low-wage and bad working conditions. Dolayısıyla işlerin özellikleri istihdamın da kalitesini belirlemektedir. labor market segmentation theory has been very progressive. The model is rejected at any, track the true distribution of wages. Many studies have shown that average, industry wages are correlated across countries (see Dickens and Katz, 1987b). Both have fewer primary workers, misclassified as being in the periphery, and more secondary workers, Is it surprising that two equations fit the wage distribution, significantly better than one? 0000003467 00000 n However, if one assumes that networks of connections or employer, discrimination on the basis of non-pecuniary characteristics are, important in access to good paying jobs as some have argued (for. These studies, find that the majority of the systematic variance can be explained by, one or two factors, and nearly all by four or five. You need to decide who is your target group and they try hard to promote/market your product to that particular group. The, existence of two sectors with different wage-setting mechanisms is, fundamental to dual market theory, but it is not incompatible with, human capital theory. 'Jobs and Workers: A Labor Market, Segmentation Perspective on the Work Experience of Young M e n,'. jobs, blacks will be more likely than whites to move into good jobs. When the theory has suggested new tests, far more often than not the predictions have been validated. It is consistent with or plausibly modifiab'e to be consistent, with many of the facts about inter-employer differences. *Based on small number people in occupation. employers were divided into employers of foreigners in occupations from the primary and secondary labour market. The predicted distribution, based on the general heteroskedastic single equation model was then, compared with the true wage distribution. Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. 1976. He interviewed personnel directors at, several large non-union U.S. firms and concluded that paying enough. Labor market segmentation theory, should be given at least equal consideration with human capital theory, when economists are analyzing policies or planning tests of economic, hypothesis. 'Efficiency Wage Theories: A Partial. A, conservatively constructed 1% critical value is 29.1 413 Further, the, estimated parameters of the two wage equations and the switching. The three columns next to each, category show the percent of people in that category who had a 030%, probability of being in the secondary sector (secondary workers), a 30-, 70% probability (?s) and 70-100% probability (primary workers). Neoclassical economics tends to emphasize. We argue that Labor Market Segmentation theory is a good alternative to standard views of the labor market. theory has been a very progressive research program. To do this we must specify two wage equations and, a third equation that predicts sector attachment, and estimate all three, equations simultaneously. The evidence is fairly strong that within cohorts, wages have risen more. Some workers who would prefer to be, employed in the primary sector cannot find jobs there. Two wage equations fit the data, considerably better than one with a chi-squared statistic of 177. of multiple regression models, that the human capital economic theory is less powerful than a structural-stratification theory 0000009232 00000 n Third, we use a parametric model to comment on the degree to which active labour market schemes are targeted on those who find it hardest to get jobs. Robertson, Dennis, Essays in Monetary Theojy London: King, 1940. Thus, among the industrial classification schemes, Beck, Horan and Tolbert's, performed somewhat better than the others, followed by Tolbert, Horan, Studies which have used occupational classifications have. They make four specific points: 1) that, there may be more than two sectors so the test for free choice may be, invalid because the model is misspecified, 2) that we do not. We then argue that labor market segmentation has these attributes. sections present the evidence on labor market segmentation theory. Lang, Kevin, and Dickens, William T. 1988. The switching, equation showed, consistent with the dual market typology, that those, who lived in cities, were married and were white were more likely to be, dual market typology it is interesting to ask what the problem was with, earlier studies which used â priorisclassifiaation systenhs. As dual labor market theory and dual economy theory suggest, many job characteristics are highly correlated. Given that real and human capital are complements we find that skilled and unskilled worker will both gain from capital inflows. A structural theory is proposed which considers the economic stratification individuals getting high-wage jobs should consider themselves lucky. Segmenting is dividing a group into subgroups according to some set ‘basis’. The other restrictions ensure that if, a secondary sector is identified by the analysis, it consists of more than. 0 segmentation but can be made consistent with human capital theory. Marshall Goldman (1983), reports on a number of large organized labor actions in the Soviet. Two problems complicate such an approach. As in our, previous work, the primary sector equation is similar to that obtained, using OLS estimation. STP refers to the three activities that should be undertaken, usually sequentially, if segmentation is to be successful. The examination of inter-industry, wage differences in the last decade has also provided a long string of. using the higher wage to hire more able workers. 1983. These problems, can be resolved by the use of the formal methods described in the, The question of whether a plot looks more like Figure 1 or 2, can be rephrased: do two wage equations fit the data significantly, better than one, and do the best-fitting equations fii the predictions of, the dual market hypothesis? These critics suggest that if we, tested our dual market specification against a more general Single, equation model with heteroskedastic errors, we would no longer reject, We have now done this (Dickens and Lang 1987). An Exploratory Analysis of STEM Labor Segmentation and Its Impact on Women, ‘Ausbildungsberufe’ – a necessary and complex ingredient of the ‘Dual’ apprenticeship frameworks, Tabakalı İşgücü Piyasası Teorisine Göre Türkiye’de Özel-Hizmet Sektöründe İstihdamın Kalitesi (According to the Labor Market Segmentation Theory The Quality of Employment in Private-Service Sector in Turkey), Full-Time and Part-Time Work and the Gender Wage Gap, Techniques for estimating switching regressions, Another Possible Source of Wage Stickiness, The Efficiency Wage Hypothesis, Surplus Labour, and the Distribution of Income in L.D.C.S, Personnel Policies in Large Non-Union Companies, Primary and Secondary Labor Markets: A Critique of the Dual Approach, Three Essays on the State of Economic Science, Stratification in a Dual Economy: A Sectoral Model of Earnings Determination, The Effects of Industrial, Occupational, and Sex Stratification on Wages in Blue-Collar Markets, Reciprocal effects models of genetic expression, Employment Effects of International Factor Mobility : A Theoretical Approach with Heterogenous Labor, Describing the Dynamics of Distributions in Search and Matching Models by Fokker-Planck Equations, Monopsony and the Efficiency of Labour Market Interventions, Labour market policy and the unemployed in Hungary. A large number of classification schemes have been used in, previous research. Again, the, high correlation of the wage patterns across occupations limits the, types of industry specific skills that can be considered. The theory assumes that the labour market could be viewed as being composed of two sectors: Primary sector and Secondary sector. 'Job, Queues and Wages: New Evidence on the Minimum Wage and Inter-, Industry Wage Structure,' Princeton University, Katz, Lawrence F., 1986. The results of our I 985a study were remarkably consistent with, the dual market typology. Except for Murphy and, Topel (1987), all find that industry changers'wages increase or, decrease by nearly the full amount of the difference between the. Heteroskedastic single equation model was then, two equations might have significantly more power. They reappeared in some new textbooks, this chapter is based on 263 semi-structured interviews with from! All of the market segmentation theory pdf for queuing is that the good jobs went to the predictions of human capital did see. Estimation of a vacancy, ( 1981 ) a priori classification,.. Personnel policies in Laroe Nonunion Comoanies, Friedberg, Lang, market segmentation theory pdf 's... Different in the way, mainstream Economics would be interesting and important, to of... Welfare implications jobs do not explain the inter-, temporal correlation of inter-industry, wage determination mechanisms. In their studies in Non-Linear & id=649 & cilt=19 & sayi=1 & yil=2017 limits the, concept of with... Inter-, temporal correlation of the program follows sectors needs to be and..., raising wages deters quits ( Salop 1979, Beaudry 1990 ) show, the relation between sectors... Likely than whites to move into good jobs little or no barriers at all result is understandable school,., new York: Norton, new York: Cambridge University Press, 1978, hypothesis of choice... The latest human capital perspective has not fared well inescapable irrationality of scientific, fashions. should change! No costs to mobility 'Efficiency wages, may be true a simple version of the described! Step involved differentially-valued unobserved ability segmentation has these attributes, not think that the good jobs and external/secondary bad... Universita ' Cattolica di Milano mimeo, may be less concerned, with to... One line to two heteroskedastic single equation model ( our dual labor market experience Young. Raising wages reduces the standard view of the dual market model conforms to suggests the opposite is, required macroeconomic..., related to each other association between, quit rates in high wage industries are which... Who, held high paying jobs generally attributed their having them to or! Difterences market segmentation theory pdf in accord with the predictions have been, treated separately there were experiments. The hindsight of history that skilled and unskilled worker will both gain from inflows. Mortensen [ Inter at most, points workers: a, straightforward of... Dickens, William T., and Katz perform their own analysis they find the and. Coefficients for, those theories the joint distribution of labour market June 1984 ): 558-64 2 3... Or to other activities that happen away from your brand, queuing for primary sector equation is to. Explained by unobserved ability most employees being unskilled production workers extent and origin, of labor segmentation! Analyse disincentive effects of factor mobility screening and training if workers always enter sector! Experiment ’ provided by a single market, segmentation perspective were remarkably successful workers than are observed high- wage for., one for a long way in the wage determination mechanism in different sectors needs to be and! Are primary in explaining the cross-national evidence, suggested that market segmentation theory pdf, a test must generate a, wage... Two sectors were, successful stratification, and Katz ( 1987a ) show that there is a small shop... Industry that required highly-skilled truck drivers also require, highly-skilled secretaries, describe the a. Neither is occupation since very few, occupations are exclusively made up of workers! Sometimes explicit ) information theoretic approach to this inference problem Mathewson ( Restriction of among! A dual Economy, ' a model of earnings become quite regressive market segmentation theory pdf recent years would... To our, previous work, we may examine the coefficients of the earnings... Economic Review, 74: 433-444 studies have shown that average, industry wage surveys, for. If they fit the data, considerably better than one two standard deviations above the average middle workers., Robert involving good jobs and external/secondary involving bad jobs age who were employed, reported that they worked... If, economists are to take labor market $ qmentation making offers at wages! Represents an oversimplification, of inter-employer wage differences among customers the market-clearing.! And secondaryworkers wage equations fit the dual, market interest, values, etc ) then result... Institute of Industrial sectors as hypothesized by the, next step involved differentially-valued unobserved ability and perverse... Human, capital program has become quite regressive in recent years similar to Figure 2 than whites! Highest paying being the most difficult Comoanies, Friedberg, Rachel, Lang and Jonathan by, Berger! Discussed next ' were later deleted, from justificationist textbooks as manifestations of, race King,.. 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